LUDWIG II » 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

He's known by many nicknames: the Swan King, the Mad King of Bavaria, the Dream King, and Mad Ludwig. Was "Mad King Ludwig" mad? This is only one of many mysteries that surround the former Bavarian regent to this day. Ludwig II (Ludwig Friedrich Wilhelm) has become one of the most legendary figures in Bavarian and German history, a history full of legendary figures.

This life-size porcelain swan inside Neuschwanstein reflects the swan motif of the Swan King's castle. Numerous swan icons are present throughout the castle. Ludwig had a life-long love of swans and their regal beauty.
FOTO © Hyde Flippo.

Other Ludwig mysteries include the enigma of his death by drowning in Lake Starnberg (der Starnberger See) south of Munich. Did he commit suicide or was he "helped"? Ludwig died under mysterious circumstances just three days after being declared legally insane. Today Ludwig's extravagances such as his fairy-tale (and anachronistic) Neuschwanstein castle and his other castles have become a huge tourist draw and a vital source of income for the state of Bavaria. Ludwig's latent homosexuality and his patronage of composer Richard Wagner have also contributed to the Ludwig legend.

The man who would become the king of Bavaria (Bayern, then a sovereign kingdom separate from Prussia and the other German states) was born in Nymphenburg Palace, the Wittelsbach dynasty's summer residence just outside Munich, on the night of April 24-25, 1845. His parents were the 36-year-old Catholic Maximilian II of Bavaria and the 19-year-old Protestant Princess Marie of Prussia (who happened also to be her husband's cousin). Unfortunately, Ludwig's parents were neither very close to each other nor to their first son. Ludwig (whose only brother, Otto, would be born almost exactly three years later) would grow up in a spartan and sheltered environment. By any measure, he turned out to be a somewhat odd young man who had problems relating to women and people in general.

Ludwig, not yet 19 years old, ascended the Bavarian throne upon the death of his father in 1864. In faraway America a long, bitter Civil War was approaching its end. (Only two years later, Bavaria would be involved in its own war, fighting on the losing Austrian side in the Seven Weeks War against Prussia.) The German Karl Marx was in London working on volume one of Das Kapital, forming the First International, and starving.

Ludwig's first year as king did not go well, and the already shy young king soon withdrew even more, away from Munich and into his beloved mountains in the Bavarian Alps – where he would build several castles and related structures. In May of that same year Ludwig had his first meeting with his music idol Richard Wagner. On several occasions Wagner was the beneficiary of Ludwig's patronage and support, but the relationship had its highs and lows. Ludwig was attracted to Wagner's music and talents, but the composer's libertine, independent ways put strains on the friendship between the two.

In 1868 Ludwig began his building campaign. Much of the Bavarian king's fame is associated with his castles: Neuschwanstein, Linderhof, and Herrenchiemsee. (A fourth castle, Falkenstein, was planned but never built.). Ludwig took a special interest in the building of all his palaces, sometimes to the extreme irritation of his architects and craftsmen.

Ludwig drew much of his inspiration for his castles from Wagnerian opera (particularly Lohengrin and Tannhäuser) – although he insisted on the original Germanic mythology rather than Wagner's operatic revisions.

This Ludwig bio is an abbreviated version of the full bio at the German Way and More Web site. Used by permission.

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Ludwig's Neuschwanstein
Photos and facts about the Bavarian king's most famous castle. From the German Way.

Neuschwanstein.com - Ludwig II
The official Neuschwanstein site has a nice bio concerning the young Ludwig II. In German.

Famous Germans
Other famous Germans, Austrians and Swiss. From the German Way.